East of Eden Biblical Allusions

Parker Hoshizaki Tully English 2 (H) 10; 1 10/5/2003 Cain and Abel: The Symbolic Trio of Pairs â€Å"Why are you so angry? Why is your face downcast? If you do what is right, will you not be accepted? † so flows verse 7, genesis 4. In John Steinbecks novel, East of Eden several allusions are made to the biblical story of Cain and Abel, the most significant of which revolves around the idea of â€Å"timshel:† which is embodied within this quotation. Repeated through the two generations the novel spans are three examples of this, patterned first by Charles and his brother Adam, then through Adam and his troubled wife Cathy, and finally through the aforementioned couples offspring Aron and the controversial character Caleb (Cal). The vicious cycle of Cain against Abel, Brother against Brother, in the Trask family destroys these generations and yet a glimmer of hope remains through the idea of â€Å"Timshel†. Moving chronologically, Adam and Charles are the first Cain and Abel pairing in the novel. Logically, they show the closest parallelism to the original story; this parallelism can be drawn down to three main events in the storyline. The first of these events is the acceptance and denial, respectively, of gifts presented by Adam and Charles to their father, the god figure in their version of the story. This event is followed by the attempted murder of Adam by his own brother Charles, as a direct result of the previous incident. The third event is much later in the story, as Charles is trying to move a large boulder with a crowbar he slips and cuts his forehead, an injury that will leave a large scar symbolic of the mark the Lord put upon Cain after Abels murder. The second pairing in the symbolic Cain and Abel trio is that of Cathy and Adam. Cathy and Adam are an unusual Cain and Able pairing in East of Eden but are important nonetheless. The pairing of Cathy and Adam does not express its symbolisms through key events like the other two do; instead they are expressed more through their personalities then their actions. Cathy symbolizes all the most evil parts of the biblical Cain, all the evil and malice that he possessed is expressed through Cathys malicious personality. Meanwhile the innocent and happily-in-love Adam is symbolic of the purity and contentment of the Abel; that is, up until the climactic shooting of Adam by Cathy marking the end of this Cain and Abel pairing. Before introducing the third pairing there is an important character that must be analyzed. Known simply as Lee, Adams highly educated Chinese manservant is a key character in the symbolic Cain and Able cycle. After being assaulted by his wife, Adam is bedridden and empty; at this point Lee begins to act as a caretaker for his employer, looking after him and caring for his twin sons Cal and Aron. Thus it is fitting that Lee should be the one to counsel Cal in his most vulnerable moment, and plant the seed of hope in his mind. In respect to the novel, Lee serves primarily as a physical embodiment of the idea of individual ability and freedom, he preaches this to Cal through the idea of â€Å"Timshel†, a Hebrew word meaning â€Å"thou mayest†. Lee believes that Cal is not inherently evil, is not destined to follow the same path as his ancestors, and has a choice as to how he will lead his life. The third Cain and Abel pairing and perhaps the most important one is, ironically, that of Adams twin boys, Caleb and Aron. The biblical symbolism of Cal and Arons generation is simultaneously the most unusual and the most significant to the novel. With this third example returns three symbols of the original story. First is the two gifts, and once again the symbolic Abels gift is accepted while the symbolic Cains is denied, a repetition of Adams fathers favoritism. Following this event Caleb is so enraged he tells the emotionally fragile Aron of their mothers’ true identity, a whore employed in a brothel. So emotionally affected by this is Aron that he runs away and joins the army the following day. Aron is later killed in the war thus fulfilling the second symbolic Cain and Abel event. The final and most significant event in the novel is the next step in the Cain and Abel story, the marking of Cain. Cal is horribly disturbed by what he has caused his brother to do, and he is convinced that he has inherited his mothers’ evil blood and is destined for a life of evil. However through the timely and wise council of Lee, he is made to ask his father, his god, for a blessing. To which Adam responds with a single word, Timshel, symbolically breaking the families’ vicious cycle of Cain and Abel pairings. If you do not do what is right, sin is crouched at your door; it desires to have you, but you must master it. † (Genesis 4, Verse 7). Thus ends the cruel cycle of blood and malcontent that plagued the Trask family. Armed with the belief of Timshel given to Cal by Lee one may see that there is hope for the final Cain character in the book, that he may not be bound by blood and by history to be evil and that he may gain the freedom to blaze his own path i nto a future unmarred by his past.

Philomena: A Film Analysis Essay

Among the many good films of 2013, this one has to be on my top 5 list. Directed with passion by Stephen Frears, Philomena is a film that questions your beliefs regardless of which religious sect you belong to. As a little exposition, Philomena Lee (Judi Dench), way back 1952, was impregnated out of wedlock and was therefore sent forcibly to a convent where she gave birth to a son she named Anthony. She and other young women of similar situation were only allowed to see their children once a week. This and other practices including oppression and prejudice among the nuns are presented well in the film in a way that could condemn the Catholic Church. These are presented in a tone that is sarcastic and ironic, with a mood that is mild and forgiving. Visually, the setting and production design will bring you back to 1950s Ireland, which is highly distinct with the present time. The cinematography is nothing too special; it was shot in polished angles, and with dim lighting to establish the gloomy environment the film is trying to convey. In my opinion, this is the style used to make it closer to reality so it will capture the emotions of people. As the plot develops to the rising action, you start rethinking about â€Å"morality† drawn by the strict administration of the nuns. The irony will later be exemplified when you see babies sold to Americans without the consent of the mothers; one of these babies was Anthony. And while he is being sent away, Philomena was watching from afar, not knowing that it is the last time she is going to see her child. The cinematography at this point was brilliant where the angle is trying to show the innocence of Anthony, and the agony of Philomena through an over-the-shoulder shot. Fifty years later, with the help of Martin Sixsmith (Steve Coogan), the search for the missing son will begin. Martin, who was rebuilding his career in writing, initially declined the idea of writing about Philomena’s lost son. However, as he hears more about the case and discovered that Philomena was only one of the many oppressed women, he decided to do it. Together, they travelled to the United States to find Anthony. Their journey together shows their stark differences. In most of their dialogues, it is very noticeable how different their perspective in life is. This is perfectly presented through the powerful performances by both actors, and subtle representations of their faith. Philomena believes  in God, Martin doesn’t. And while we see how unfortunate Philomena’s life can be, her faith is still strong. Martin, like probably many of the viewers, does not understand this irony. When they finally discovered who Anthony became, they found out that he died eight years ago from AIDS. Still, they traced back his identity just to know how he lived his life. Philomena wanted to know if Anthony ever thought of his hometown, or if she was ever thought of. As the plot boils down to resolution, they will discover that Anthony went back to Ireland and that his body was actually buried in that same convent because he knew his mother would find him. At this point, the film is scored with instrumentals that could bring hostility and liberation. Martin despised the senior nun who kept this a secret as part of her moral standards. She did not allow Philomena to see her son even once before he passed away—a suffering considered as â€Å"atonement for sin†. The tone at this point is aggressive while Martin demanded the nun to apologize. The nun did not ask for forgiveness, but Philomena forgave her anyway. This, I consider, is the best part of the film. It was t oo hard for her to forgive, but she did so. Why Philomena still has faith so strong despite all that has happened to her answers why we believe. At the end of it, they will find his grave and they will continue their lives. Martin will publish Philomena’s story not to upset the convent, but because it deserves to be heard by many. Like Philomena, we have beliefs; and even though these were taught to us by people who may hurt us or fail us, our faith clings to something unfailing. We believe because even if circumstances are not in our hands, we have the option to embrace them. And like Martin, although we do not understand other people’s beliefs, we respect them and we accept people for who they are. This is clearly presented when he gave a small sculpture of Jesus to Philomena. The film is not chronologically narrated, with an editing technique using flashbacks and home videos to illustrate what has happened in the past. It was well color-corrected to demonstrate tension and emotions through less-saturation. I find this very effective since the film does not hard-sell drama, yet can still give a highly emotional ride. The dialogue is  nothing so melodramatic and was instead written very lightly. This represents the character of Philomena as someone who is very graceful and humane. As for the performances, both Dench and Coogan did a brilliant job in portraying their roles. Frears was able to direct them so distinguished to the characters. This is probably one of the many strengths of this film. The acting was so balanced with the overall mise-en-scene that it easily captures the attention and the emotion of the audience. With a story so beautifully debauched, Philomena was told with heart and passion that even if it presents horrific things, it ended with a very positive attitude that is hauntingly terrific.

The UK Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The UK Constitution - Essay Example Critically evaluate this statement, supporting your evaluation with appropriate examples and authority.† A Constitution is normally defined as the basic framework by which a state is governed. It usually outlines, in broad terms, the powers of a state as well as their limitations vis-a-vis the rights of its citizens. Some of the broad classifications of constitutions are: written or unwritten; republican or monarchical; flexible or rigid; unitary or federal; supreme or subordinate, and; underpin by separation of powers principle or fused powers. 1 The UK Constitution is one of the few constitutions in the world that is characterised as written but uncodified although some see it as unwritten. It is sourced from statutes, judicial decisions, old legal codes, relevant legal textbooks such as those authored by Dicey and Anson, in addition to unwritten ones such as common law and convention. 2 The nature of the UK Constitution, however, cannot be thoroughly understood by a mere ide ntification of these sources, but one must travel back in time and study the country’s history, its type of government and relevant legal concepts such as Parliamentary Sovereignty to fully understand its nature. Moreover, a correct understanding of its nature disproves the criticism that the rules and practices underpinning the government’s operation are unconstitutional because they were not made specifically enforceable by a document. The UK Constitution is characterised as largely written, although some see it as unwritten, but uncodified, a constitutional monarchy, flexible, unitary, supreme, and operates under the fused power principle.3 The fact that it has not been reduced to simple terms in one single written document, however, makes it lacking in simplicity and comprehensiveness. Thes underlying rules and principles of the UK Constitution, therefore, have to be gleaned, extracted and made sense of from a number of sources without guaranty that consensus as to their meaning will be reached. 4 These sources include: the Magna Carta 1215, which clipped the monarchical powers; the Bill of Rights 1609, which created the constitutional monarchy; Act of Union 1707 creating Great Britain by uniting England and Scotland; Representation of the People Act 1832, which restructured the electoral laws of the country; Parliament Act 1911, which reduced the power of law-rejection of the Lords to a two-year delay; Life Peerage Act 1958, reformed the House of Lords; Representation of the People Act 1969, which made 18 the minimum voting age, and; House of Lords Act 1999 that further reformed the House of Lords. 5 Aside from statutes, other sources of the UK Constitution also include prerogative powers or powers traditionally exercised by the Crown, most of which, at present, had been devolved to ministers on behalf of the Crown; judicial decisions or case law; convention, whose informal form often make it a source of disputes; and texts and other seconda ry sources. 6 To assail the constitutionality of rules and principles because of the absence of a document that compels their legal enforceability is to reject the distinction between written and rigid constitutions on the one hand, and customary and flexible constitutions, on the other. It implies a rejection of unwritten, codified and rigid constitutions such as those of the Romans and the ancient Greece, for example. In contemporary times, New Zealand and Israel, aside from the UK, have only partly codified constitutions. 7 The legitimacy of the Westminster model of government implies the legitimacy of the UK Constitution and all appurtenant rules and principles that are necessary for its enforceability. Under the Westminster model, power is concentrated in the hands of the legislature as

The executive branch of state government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The executive branch of state government - Essay Example The public elects the president to serve a term of four years after which he can be reappointed to power again, (Brannen & Baker, 2005). The presidential position term is renewable once through reappointment. The executive ensures that the national laws implemented and enforced, (Ferguson, 2006). This is done in order to ensure that the daily responsibilities of the federal government are carried out smoothly. These responsibilities include collecting of taxes, representing the political and the economic interests of United States to the world and safeguarding the affair of the nation within its borders. The president enacts and implements the legislative laws. The president also bargains contracts, and he heads the armed forces and the state. Legislature   The congress also labeled as the legislature comprises of the senate and the members of the house. The senate comprises of two legislators from all the states and the assembly involves the two houses. Similarly, the senate consi sts of about one hundred senate members, each state with two representatives, and the public appoints the senate members from their states. They serve for the period of six years after which can be reelected for another six-year term. The nation’s assistant president heads the congress, (Gershman, 2008). However, he is not expected to vote unless in a special case like when a tie between two powers occurs. The senate also has the duty of approving the presidential nomination to the cabinet as well as other related posts.... The senate should rectify the contracts made by the government by approximately two-thirds approval votes. The representative body consists of state representatives from various regions. The population they represent from their respective states determines these representatives. Presently, there are about 436 house members. The increasingly populated states give more representatives to the legislature that the scarcely populated states. The representatives are appointed by the public to rule for a term of two years, and the representatives appoints the speaker of the house. The crucial role of the legislative department is to make state laws, by first drafting the law and later discussing it, (Hall & McGuire, 2005). The congress votes whereby by if the law is voted in by at least two thirds, is adopted as law for the nation upon approval by the president. The judiciary The judiciary entails the Central Court of the US (that head the judiciary) and minor national courts, (Garcia, 2003 ). The difficult cases from the legislative department are taken to the judiciary for hearing. The body rules whether a case is legal from the constitution or not. The president chose such justices and the senate approves them. The power of the Supreme Court is final and thus cannot be challenged by any court. Theories Collective action This theory explains how people can cooperate to over social dilemmas they face. Collective action hypothesis suggests that people have the power to discern cooperation values and social rules. This is a shift from the normal capacity of a human being, in which he exhibits self- interest and short-term benefits. This extends the accomplishment of the collective action. However, the solidarity attitude can be eliminated if

Identification Questions Of POL SCI Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identification Questions Of POL SCI - Assignment Example 5. First, a number of methods for conducting election campaigns were changed signaling democratization by a general enlargement of the voting franchise. Secondly by early 19th Century, a majority of free white adults could vote. Thirdly, the election system was characterized by two major parties that dominated it. 6. Hyper-pluralism is a state where there is a group(s) or factions that are stronger than the government making the government to be weakened. They are dangerous because they undermine the rule of simple majority. 12. First, it allows for division of power between the National, State and Local governments of which, none is superior or inferior to the other. Secondly, it has a constitution that lists the powers of these governments and describes their various institutions. Thirdly, it provides for an independent judiciary capable of reviewing the laws and regulations of the governments of each level thus avoiding power struggles. 13. With trustee, the legislators vote and act according to their own personal beliefs and what they feel is good for the society. On the other hand, delegated theory assumes the delegate as an agent of the voters and so will vote according to what the voters want even if they do not support it wholeheartedly. 16. Constitutionalism patriotism is a concept that is part of the post-nationalism theories that have been used influentially to develop the nation. A case study is their use in developing the European Union (Ceaser, 25). On the other hand, liberal nationalism refers to a kind of nationalism that is developed and identified by political philosophers who believe in non-xenophobic kinds of nationalisms. It is compatible with liberal values of freedom, individual rights, tolerance and

Research paper on a problem pertinent to my academic major

On a problem pertinent to my academic major (chemistry). Discuss and the problem and danger of being exp - Research Paper Example These accidents notwithstanding, Chemistry remains a fulfilling career and is, indeed, one of the best in today’s labor market as well as in the future. Introduction Though Chemistry is a mature and risk-laden discipline, it is an exciting, interesting and intellectually stimulating as well as financially rewarding career. Chemistry as a science deals with the investigation of the properties, composition and structure of matter, the transformation matter undergoes, and the energy changes associated with the transformation (Encyclop?dia Britannica, 2011). Chemistry has played and is playing a crucial role in conquering diseases, solving energy problems, addressing environmental problems, providing the discoveries that lead to new industries, and developing new materials and technologies for defense and global security. These represent some of the major issues that confront our society today and chemistry occupies a central position in resolving these issues. Thus the chemist re mains a relevant member of today society and will occupy that position as long as life exists on our planet. Apart from the reputation of being a chemist, is the fact that with a median annual salary of $90,000, the chemistry profession remains one of the best in the labor market (Peter, 2010). Furthermore, the interdisciplinary nature of today’s chemistry, offers the chemist the opportunity to connect with other members of the scientific community such as biologist, physicists, environmental scientist, geologist, geneticists, and even government policy makers. Thus the chemist is not an isolated individual rather a well-connected personality collaborating with others to make life on our planet exciting and interesting. The nature of current research in chemistry is another plus to the profession; indeed, today’s chemistry is interesting as well as intellectually stimulating. As chemist work in collaboration with biologist and physicist and other scientist to unveil na ture’ secrets, surprising yet interesting facts are gathered. Each answer creates more problems that need to be solved. This makes Chemistry the ideal science for anyone with creativity, intelligence, and persistence. As promising and fulfilling as Chemistry is as a profession, the profession has its other side. Chemistry has killed a lot of chemists even the most careful ones. Working in a chemistry laboratory is laden with risks. Exposure to chemicals has immediate as well as chronic effects. Injuries have been reported from implosion as well as explosion in the chemistry laboratory. Chemists have caught fire in the laboratory while some have died gradually without knowing due to exposure to ionizing radiation and toxic chemicals. It is worth mentioning that most of these accidents in laboratory are preventable if precautionary measures are followed. Given these risks associated with Chemistry, one cannot help but ask if Chemistry is worth practicing. This article seeks to answer that question. Discussion The benefits of being of chemist Key among the factors that influence career choices is economic & personal satisfaction, personal esteem, and society recognition (Bolles, 2008). With a median salary of $90,000, which is higher than the national $29,000 median salary, chemistry is a paying profession (Peter, 2010). According to the

Strategic HR Approach Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic HR Approach - Research Paper Example I will discuss some of the solutions that I use to settle down issues within my management enterprise. It will also address some issues in employee safety and benefits. As the head of human resources; I have to evaluate the available resources in relation to the personnel required. Environmental analysis, evaluation, and formulation are also necessary for effective performance (Armstrong & Baron, 2002: 70). 1) Health and security of workers At one time, an employee had cancer and had to be hospitalized for two months, which consumed all her finances and left her with hospital bills to clear. As the head of human resource, I had to issue a statement to the finance department for them to release the finances. This was going to be dependent on the nature of output that she gave the enterprise. Since her performance was an asset to the organization, she got the cash. The rewards comparison to effort determines the eligibility of the workers to the institution. Such individuals, who help the organization towards achieving its goal, the enterprise have the obligation to maintain them and integrate them into the institution (Sharma, 2009: 98). Before employing workers, they sign an employment contract that entitles them to interests and other flexibility offers. Such benefits help cater for the employee needs. The government has also come up with enactments to ensure that workers get friendly working terms (Armstrong, 2008: 154). As the human resource director, I have the obligation to recruit new staff to the enterprise, and hence there are considerations to make including academic competence and readiness to work in a competitive environment before taking in new staff. 2) Effective relations between workers and supervisors Strategic management helps the institution realize its objective by ensuring proper maintenance of the workers. A change with the supervisors seemed necessary. Nevertheless, on changing the supervisor, more accidents were reported and the supervis or complained that the workers output was considerably low. As the head of personnel, I had to find a solution to help us regain our output and to motivate our workers on their performance. The supervisor lacked the skills to motivate the workers to improve their performance, and he should have noted that the people working were older which affected their performance. Leaders should not exert unnecessary pressure causing confusions and disrupting workers (Armstrong, 2008: 147). For effective management, an individual needs to be keen, committed with excellent problem solving skills and well equipped with the knowledge to help in understanding personal responsibilities clearly. I had to instruct the supervisor on how to handle our staff to avoid further accidents, which were due to tension among the workers. By training, giving orders, and detailing in a manner of performance helped the organization retain back to its production quantities that the supervisor improved with time after learning how to handle the personnel. It was impossible to lose all the experienced workers in the enterprise and hence the only strategy was to resolve on how to maintain both (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2011: 310). 3) Equality Punctuality in the job is quite noteworthy, and all personnel are subject to the rules irrespective of their positions or relations in the enterprise

The issues of politics and administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The issues of politics and administration - Essay Example This paper will look into the issues of politics and administration. It will also discuss the possibility of separating politics from administration. Holding or having an opinion about such a view is very critical. It is, however, very easy to agree with all those who do not think that Wilson was right. The involvement of politics in the administration process is an everyday occurrence (Naidu, 2005). It has been there ever since the beginning, and it is here to stay. To try and stop the involvement of a higher, organized group of elite people who are out to benefit themselves is a very hard task. It is hard to hide the fact that these two are linked. It is very unlikely for any administration to make a decision without there being any outside influence. That mainly comes from the politics side of that administration. It is fair to say or point out that the dichotomy displayed by Wilson in today’s world is not applicable. The distinction is neither workable nor is it practical. Take, for example, a public school. A public school that gets its funding from the local government is usually very easy to fall prey to the involvement of politics. As the school administration wants to implement their policies, local politics comes into play. It is very easy for them to get side-lined. They get other policies to implement while being given ultimatums if they do not do as they are required (Sapru, 2006). Some of the advantages of this dichotomy would be the fact that, some policies that these administrations are forced to adopt may end up helping people. This is in line with the fact that incentives are always factors that are used to control these administrations, and the people around them. Another advantage would be the rise of more powerful individuals that may be able to run the administration. The recognition that politics gives to individuals is very appealing to many, and the fact that a politician is willing to spend time in the local areas would

Ethical issues in business statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical issues in business statistics - Essay Example Among the four branches of moral philosophical term â€Å"ethics†- Meta, normative, descriptive and applied ethics, business ethics has itself two dimensions, such as normative and descriptive dimensions. Corporate world and professionals is regulated by normative view of ethics where academicians use descriptive method to scrutinize the corporate behavior and practices. Statistics is such kind of tools which helps to abridge large volume of data into simple number which determines a conclusion. In business statistics, which employs the techniques and knowledge of statistics and mathematics into business phenomena to make decision, is now confronted and being challenged by ethical issues of business as well as by Christian point of view towards business in western world where Christianity is dominant. From the very beginning of history, philosophers had thrown some question to the statisticians in terms of ethical investigation. They urged for determining a course of action wh ich is recommended as well as followed by others. They also questioned about the possible outcome and its impact on everyone. After that they asked for the acceptance to the statisticians itself if the decision dictated by him will direct to him. Finally, they raised the question about the neutrality of the publication if it goes publicly. Though Philosophers intend is to develop generalization of business statistical outcome, professional business statistician’s real objectives is to create processes to deal ethical issues which they arise. A statistician has an obligation to his client as he is asked to handle the data. But there will raise a question about the ownership of data as who will be the righteous to data. Even though clients give consent to publish or any use of the data, it is statisticians obligation to protect the identities and honor of his clients and his organization. On the contrary, clients may try to dictate the possible result towards his comfort zone b efore the accomplishments of any research. So, it is a dilemma for the statistician to keep the agreement which have done before with his ethical- either personal or professional- obligation. Another challenge for a statistician is to deal with outlier effect. Outlier can be explained as an observation of any occurrence which is unusually either large or small compared to real volume. Proper solution can be raised through formulation of law and its implication. It will help to deal with the two’s, that is, ownership of data and search of significance and outlier. For example, if data is owed to the clients, he cannot change the statistical findings toward his own ease as it against the public policy. In terms of outlier, though it is legally defensible if disclosed, ethically not indeed. This is because if it done, the proper accountability will be lost. However, American statistical Association (ASA) has formulated 10 point ethical guidelines for statistical practices. The m ain issues of this guideline are to follow the confidentiality of information and maintain integrity in honestly and objectively. Other thing is that the whole inquiry should be purpose oriented and should not cross the boundary limit. Fulfilling the agreement with clients should give proper importance and should inform the clients before raising any conflict or probability of occurrence of any assumed

HRM practice in small-medium enterprises (SMEs) Essay Example for Free

HRM practice in small-medium enterprises (SMEs) Essay Introduction The article analyzes the way of HRM practice in small-medium enterprises(SMEs) and the reason why it is important element for SMEs. Over the past years, small-medium enterprises play an increasingly significant role in European economy. It is mainly because European countries including UK have large amount of SMEs but with small scale of big enterprises. However, HRM, as an important part of a company, is utilized in tremendous different ways between large and SMEs firms. SMEs are reluctant to use HRM when considering high cost and time. This situation brings a lot of issues. Unfortunately, very few of the research for HRM in SMEs have been published till now(Domingo Ribeiro Soriano,et all,2011) .For example, according to the US academic journals from 1988 to 1998, more than 207 papers had been written about HR recruiting ,etc. However, just 7 of the articles mentioned about SMEs in Journal of Applied Psychology, Academic of Management Review and Personnel Psychology;. For these reasons,it is important to investigate the study of HRM in SMEs. Negative and positive arguments about HRM practice in SMEs Large amount of Debates about the efficiency of HRM in SMEs are illustrated in the earlier studies. Small business see few advantages of HRM when comparing to the large firms(Akroyd1995,adapted by Cassell.C et all,2002 ).Especially in the training ,Storey and Westhead described that the employees in the SMEs have few chances to get involved in structured training. (1997,adapted by Cassell.C et all, 2002) .After conducting several cases, Holiday also mentioned that training is not utilized well in SMEs(1995,adapted by Cassell.C et all, 2002). Cassell.C, et all(2002)did both interviews and telephone survey to a number of SMEs, and conclude that HRM practices especially selection and training process are transferring to other department in informal ways. They also found that 53% of SMEs that they investigated in recruited their employees via relatives or friend’s recommendation. It means HRM is not very formal in SMEs. In another word, HRM in SMEs are full of different issues. Bu t according to the following  study HRM indeed bring some benefit to companies. In1995 Leicestershire, and Storey (adapted by Cassell.C et all, 2002)did a study which comparing the difference between traditional HRM and new practices among the large and small companies. The result of 15 cases implied that although the initiative of every employee in large companies has more opportunities to be enabled, it is more sustainable process in small-medium firms. In my opinion, SMEs might be developing better when they employ formal HRM practices. For example, during the study of HRM of SMEs,Williamson, Cable, Aldrich, (2002,adapted by Patel, C. P, et all, 2010) found that that SMEs can be more competitive and legitimated with formal HRM activities since it helps firms attract more high quality employees. HRM can also create harmonious group culture, highlighting the relationship between employers and companies. (Cameron Quinn, 1999,adapted by PATEL, C.2010). Data analyze In order to explore whether it is beneficial for companies when they use formal HRM practices, I conclude the research which was done by PATEL, C. P et all(2010).They did a research to discover the relationship between HRM and company productivity. In this study, high group culture means that a strong team works and effective working environment, which is usually created by strong HRM.) That it surveyed 145 firms and 6 industries including different size of firms. The correlation can be described by the following charts.Chart1 suggests: under high group culture, companies increase the use of HRM when market competition increase; Product market competition (chart 1,adapted by PATEL,C.P,andS. CARDON,S.M ) HRM intensity (chart 2, adapted by PATEL, C. P,and S. CARDON,S.M ) Under high group culture, Chart2 indicated that HRM intensity can enhance the labor productivity To sum up, when the market is in the growing competition, HRM can boost the labor productivity. It also implied that the firms should keep the high group culture environment in order to keep the effectiveness of HRM. High group culture is from strong HRM practices. In my opinion from the data analyze, when HRM is utilized in SMEs in formal ways ,it might bring significant benefit to company. As Walsh and  Whites (1981) point out same idea as well. They suggest that same regulation of HRM should be utilized among those companies but small scale in SMEs. Author opinion As far as my consideration, HRM is a very important part for SMEs. The reason can be explained by following aspects. Firstly, Many SMEs firms in UK have informal HRM activities rather than totally absence (Culley et all, 1998, adapted by Cassell.C, et all, 2002).However, the way SMEs conduct these kind of practice reduce its’ actual benefit. For example, if recruiting and training procedure are not completed by the HR, other department need to expense time and cost to implement those processes. Consequently, it divides the cost of HR department into other team. In fact, it increases the cost of companies in long term prospective. Therefore, SMEs may increase benefit if they employ formal HRM practices from long prospective. Secondly,According to the charts (12), HRM has vital influence on labor productivity when fierce competition appears. On one hand, HRM is important element when company goes through high level of competitive market. SMEs must employ HRM if they want to survive in long term .On the other hand, strong group culture which is built by HR department can reinforce HRM to effect labor productivity (PATEL, C. P,and S. CARDON,S.M,2010).As a consequence , HRM should be develop in correct way so that the company can built adequate group culture, thereby enhance the labor productivity especially in competitive market. Thirdly, it is important to look at the economy situation in UK. UK holds a large amount of SMEs with small scale of large company. It suggests that economic contribution of SMEs play important role in the country. From general perspective, when well-establishing and formal HRM is employed by SMEs, it will have big effect on the GDP of UK. As Cassell.C, Nadin.S, Gray.M, Clegg.C concluded in their research in 2002, HRM indeed exist in small business and small multiples. Although the structure of both firms is informal, human resource management brought obvious effective effort to the firm. From this study, we can imply that SMEs will grow stronger if they utilize more formal HRM in long term. Consequently, high level of HRM practice improves the effectiveness of companies. Conclusion My study suggest that HRM practices play very important roles in SMEs not only because it can create group culture and enhance the effectiveness of the group development, but also can protect firms from fierce competition. Moreover, HRM can increase the benefit of companies in long terms. But there is also some problem of HRM practices. Due to a lack of experience and information, majority of SMEs have no energy to take formal HRM. Whether this situation can be solved still need further study in UK. It depends on the companies themselves. Although I argued that SMEs should emphasize HRM practices in long term development, a lot of SMEs pursue short-time benefit and they may not consider HRM benefit. The research about how do the companies increase the use of formal HRM but not reduce the short-term benefit is needed to be discovering in the future. Hence, the different situations decide whether small-medium companies employ formal HRM. Reference Cassell.C, Nadin.S, Gray.M,Clegg.C,(2002):Exploring human resource management practices in small and medium sized enterprises, Personnel Review,Vol.31 No.6,pp:671-692 Domingo Ribeiro Soriano*and Ma. à ngeles Montoro†Sà ¡nchez,(2011)â€Å"Introduction: Contributions of Human Resource Management to the Challenges faced by Small† and Medium†Sized Enterprises in the Global Environment†, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol.28: P119–121 PATEL, C. P,and S. CARDON,S.M,2010, â€Å"Adopting HRM Practices And Their Effectiveness In Small Firms Facing Product Market Competition†, Human Resource Management, March–April 2010, Vol. 49, No. 2, Pp. 265– 290

Sound Technique In Amadeus

Sound Technique In Amadeus The film was mainly about how Salieri was jealous of Mozarts musical talent and achievements and how he always wanted to be like him. Mozart was a child who played the piano and violin from the age of five and was considered the most talented child as a musician. During his life time, he composed over 600 pieces of his music and work. After the death of Salieris father, Salieri moved to Vienna and produced a lot of musical peaces until he was promoted to be in the position of court composer. The emperor then learns about Mozart and chooses to assign an opera especially for him. When Mozart moved to Vienna and performed his opera, it was a great success and thats when Salieris envying started to grow up more and more. Salieri started his battle with God, after comparing Mozarts wonderful pieces of music to the sound of God. And by that his misery and madness continued to grow. Moreover, after too many music and hard work, Mozart was exhausted and Salieri decided to take this chance an d take his revenge by making Mozart work to death. Salieri sends a spy costumed as a home maid to work in Mozarts house. She then goes back to Salieri and tells him about all whats going on in Mozarts house and how he works all day long, with his health condition getting worse by each day. Finally, Mozart dies before finishing the piece of requiem he was writing. Also, Salieri believed that God would rather destroy his great beloved Mozart rather than letting Salieri share a small part of the glory of killing Mozart. He also believed that God kept him alive for thirty two years to torture him. Sound Technique: Sound is one of the most essential tools of expressing messages in a movie. The art of film is Sound; it adds meaning into the film. Some films had full orchestras and others had piano playing as a background of the film. Music in films was played for both artistic and practical reasons. Sound is divided into two types: synchronizing and nonsynchronous sound. Also, sound made acting seems more natural. As the Frenchman Rene Clair thought, sound shouldnt be used indiscriminately but rather it should be used selectively. He also thought that just like images, sound can be edited in films as well. Moreover, he thinks that just as the eye, the ear is discerning too (Giannetti, 2010). Sound effects in films create certain atmosphere, but also can be a great source to add meaning into the film. The cinematic sound is mixed in a studio after the shot of a scene has been taken. The sound editor then collects all different sounds in a film. The sound mixer then selects the pitch, volume, and tempo of each sound in the film. Sound in films can be either diegetic or nondiegetic, which means sounds that can be heard or sounds that couldnt be heard. Moreover, high pitched sounds generate tension and are frequently used in suspense sequence, during or before the films climax. Beside, low pitched sounds can too generate mystery and anxiety. Some suspense sequences starts with similar sounds. Furthermore, low frequency sounds are less tense. Moreover, the sound volume could be either loud or quiet. Loud sounds are likely intense and threatening. And quiet sounds are likely to be more delicate and hesitant. Additionally, the faster the tempo of the sound the more tension it g enerates and vice versa. Also, off screen sounds build up the image ahead of the frame. Film directors use those off screen sounds to create anxiety. Usually, film directors clean up the soundtracks of the movies from all the irrelevant noises. Also, internal emotions in films can be showed by using sound effects. Complete silence in films also could bring up meaning and create a certain mood. Complete silence is likely to generate some form of tension in films and brings up the feeling that something impending is nearly going to happen. An example of silence in movies could be using freeze frame, silence in a sound film can be used to symbolize death, because we tend to associate sound with the presence of ongoing life (Giannetti, 2010 p.212). Music can create a more convincing atmosphere of time and place. (Prendergast, 2005). Any filmmaker or director should use music effectively, after knowing what exactly they want from music. Music can create a specific mood or feeling to the film. Some types of music can imply locales, classes, and ethnic groups to the film. Usually, songs are been recorded in a studio beforehand and afterwards actors perform the songs in movies with lip-synch to those recorded songs. Also, music can be used as a foreshadowing, to make the audience ready for a dramatic scene. One type of music in films is called anxious music, which is a warning to get the audience ready for the next scene. That anxious music sometimes might just be false alarm. Lyrics can be attached to music and thats when characterization can be more accurate (Giannetti, 2010). The deeper reality of film music, the necessity which found body in its lucky accident, involves the way the film tries to evoke a sort of temporary and illusive film-subjectivity, which closely mimics our everyday subjectivity. (Spande, 2005). Musical, is one of the most common genres in films, like opera and ballet. There are two types of musicals: realistic and formalistic. Realistic Musicals are mainly offstage stories and the production numbers are introduced as dramatically reasonable. Formalistic Musicals make no believe at realism. Right in the middle of a scene, actors just come out in a song and dance without losing out into the number with a reasonable pretext (Giannetti, 2010). Words in movies are spoken not written. Actors can stress and emphasize on some words over others in order to reach the right effects needed. By pausing and/or hesitating, an actor can completely change the meaning of the whole sentence. Harold Pinter, the dramatist and screen writer, believes that language is more of a cross-talk; which is a method of covering up fears and doubts. This method is more efficient in films than on stage, due to having camera close ups that are capable of expressing the intended meanings behind the words. Moreover, music and sound effects may change the meaning of words. For example, a sentence spoken in an echo hall will be totally different than a sentence being whispered. Spoken language in films can have so many different meanings based on the vocal and visual emphasis and the soundtracks. Furthermore, spoken language in films has two types: monologue and dialogue. Monologues are usually combined with documentaries; which means that a narrator off sc reen tells the audience some information along with some visuals. Usually monologues are used in fiction movies. Besides, showing what an actor is thinking about is called interior monologue, this method is often used in plays and novels. Moreover, Dialogues are break down into stage dialogue and screen dialogue. Stage dialogues are not realistic even in realistic plays, because in real life people dont express their thoughts or feelings with such accuracy. On the other hand, film dialogues tend to be more realistic, because in films camera close ups make it much easier to show details. Furthermore, in dubbed movies it is hard to match up sound with image, especially when the movement of an actors lips isnt synchronized with the sound (Giannetti, 2010). Applying the Sound Technique in the movie Amadeus: Amadeus is considered a musical drama biography film. The use of music in Amadeus doesnt simply add to the background sound; however it plays more essential role; it becomes a character and a part of the narrative. Moreover, throughout the whole film, we can hear pieces of Mozart and Salieris music. Music in Amadeus was very important, because the whole film circles around music. The writer of Amadeus, Shaffer, uses Salieri to translate Mozarts music to the audience by explaining the core of Mozarts music piece. The director of the movie, Forman, tried to pay a lot of attention to the details of music in Amadeus and ways to record it. In Amadeus, the movie was shot around the music and not the other way around. Mozarts operas that were included in the film, showed the excellence of the musical and visual quality of the movie. At the start of the movie, there was a dramatic opening scene with the music of Don Giovanni, which represented fright and despair. That scene was dark and Salieri was shouting out Mozarts name asking for his forgiveness. The operas that were shown in the movie were related to the plot. They object as instruments of both Mozart and Salieri. In the movie, Mozarts operas show his position and how he is a great composer. And Salieris operas show how his work turns against him and how his battle is hurting him. Some of the melodies in those operas were symbolic in the movie. Almost in the middle of the movie, in the scene where Salieri was browsing through Mozarts handwritten composition, music appeared while Salieri was reading through the transcript. Music appeared in this scene to demonstrate to the audience the various emotions that Salieri was feeling. He was admiring what he was reading, however envying Mozart and also feeling despair of himself. Moreover, the music in this specific scene was presented also to show the audience how Mozarts work was creative and different than the usual. Besides, the scene shows that when Salieri reads the notes, he and the audience both hears the music. But in fact Salieri is not really hearing the music; instead he is imagining it in his head. The audience, on the other hand, is the ones who are really listening to the music. Salieri is experiencing the same piece of music as the audience, but not listening or hearing it for real. He is having very strong feelings of the value of the music and admiring the excelle nt quality of it while getting it through his mind instead of hearing it through his ears. Furthermore, a scene that is alike is when Mozart was dying. Mozart was dictating Salieri in a very high speed that no one can follow except of Salieri. Within a short time after the dictation, we hear the Requiem, the opera that Mozart was working on. We first hear it single instruments, then the whole final form all together. Then, we hear the whole Requiem when Mozarts wife comes back home. Also, in Amadeus some of the music was there to present what is going on in Mozarts head. Throughout the whole film, we can see how he continually hears music in his head and then he writes the notes down. This great skill of Mozart to produce his music is used in so many scenes in the film. In the scene right before the entrance of Lorl, Mozarts Father, we see that Mozart was composing his music and we also hear the music that he is hearing in his head. Then Mozarts wife, Constance, enters and had to shout his name out in order for him to hear her over the music that was played in his head. Suddenly, the music stops and Constance begins to argue with Leopold. After that, Mozart goes back to his work and the sound of music comes again, when the voices of his wife and his father fades away slowly. Another example of the sound, one of the cinematic techniques, in Amadeus is how difficult the thoughts were being expressed throughout some of the scenes with no words, but with music instead. For instance, in the scene where Mozart left his house, work, and his wife to go to party, he entertains people by singing The Magic Flute and playing the piano. The scene shows us how even though he was trying to sing louder and louder, he was feeling guilty for leaving his wife asleep at home and leaving his work behind, but that wasnt shown by any words, rather it was being expressed by the sound of music. Last but not least, one of the most extraordinary sounds in Amadeus was the giggle of Mozart. Its a high pitched giggle and a memorable sound, which was repeated several times throughout the entire movie. The first time we heard that giggle was in the scene where Mozart meets up with the Emperor. And at the end of the film, we hear Mozarts giggle ones again while it echoes throughout his music to end the movie. How this (Sound technique) was closely connected to another technique: At the start of the movie, Salieri was visited by a young priest for confession. Salieri started to talk about the relation between him and Mozart. During the entire movie, the scenes were cut back to this first scene of the movie, the dialogue between Salieri and the priest, which is called a frame story. The scenes that were cut back to the start of the movie were all flashbacks to Salieri and Mozarts lives. Conclusion: In Amadeus, Berger notes, The music becomes another character-theres Mozart and Salieri and the music. Its so perfectly and intimately integrated with the story and the transitions and the underlining, its one of the few movies that is able to coalesce all the functions of music-as source, as score, as underscore, as background-and it adds the idea of it as a voice in itself. (Jackson, 2002).

The Safety and Long-term Effectiveness of the Atkins Diet :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Low-carbohydrate diets, such as the Atkins diet, may not be the best choice for weight loss due to long-term ineffectiveness, potentially negative side effects and a lack of long-term research. Ever since the recent popularization of the Atkins diet researchers have been trying to prove Dr. Atkins’ claims and determine whether or not the diet is safe. The current body of research available on dieting supports a diet low in fat and high in complex carbohydrates with an emphasis on calorie reduction. Studies have also shown a strong link between diets high in fat and both increased cholesterol and increased risk of heart disease. The Atkins diet is the opposite of what has generally been recommended; it requires the reduction of carbohydrates to 5% or less of total calories leaving fat and protein to make up the rest. The high fat and low-carbohydrate content of this diet goes against most diet research, has potentially harmful side effects and there is insufficient e vidence to judge the long-term effectiveness of the Atkins diet. The long-term effectiveness can be determined by the ability of dieters to lose and maintain weight loss with few negative side effects. Weight maintenance is as important as weight loss to long-term health. One nutritionist said, â€Å"the American public needs to be told that diets are not followed for 8 days, 8 weeks, or 8 months, but rather form the basis of everyday food choices throughout their life† (Blackthorn). The Atkins diet may act more as a quick fix without really offering a long-term solution. Preliminary studies show that the Atkins diet is unable to maintain weight loss. While low-carbohydrate diets do initially cause weight loss, most dieters begin to regain weight after six months. One study showed that, after 12 months, dieters following the Atkins diet had regained over 30% of weight that they had lost in the first six months on the diet, dropping from 7% cumulative body weight loss at six months to 4.4% cumulative body weight loss at 12 months. This weight gain may in part be due to the difficulty dieters have in following the dietary recommendations, but if the Atkins diet cannot help dieters keep the weight off than it is no better than any other diet we have and the side effects may be worse.

Renting A House :: essays research papers

Communicating with people from other countries often makes me bother, and it happens when I am totally not expected about. This is not the first visit to the other country, but talking non-native language in non-native country is quite different from the long time study in my country. Especially, when we face some special occasion, like renting a room, it is very hard to negotiate with people. Renting a room is not a thing I am familiar with even in Japan. One day on July, one rumor among Japanese students became true, that not all of us can have a room in dormitory even if one send request in this April. My friend received a mail from UNR, which said that he could not have a room next semester. My friend and I were just shocked and on that day we started looking for a room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most important thing to do when we want to find a nice room, I thought, was that to correct as much information as I can. Therefore, what I did at first is to check every public board not to miss any information that says, ?gRoommates wanted?h,?h Room for Rent?h or ?gHouse for rent?h. I searched the board in Business Building, EJCH, JTSU, and Main library. However, I could not many of them and if luckily I found these were not so cheap or too far from UNR. Then I started to search the room list at Student Residency Service office. There I found one room five minutes from school on foot. I went back to the dorm I live now in a hurry and called, it was my first phone call to person from other country. The call rang, but no one answer. I waited for a while, then the massage started saying ?hThis number is no longer valid?cplease call XXX-XXXX?h. A short tense atmosphere ended, and I felt relieved. I called the new number, but I could not talk to anyone. After a while, I received new information of vacant room very near from a school. When I was writing e-mail, one of my roommates backed home. He was going to pay a deposit of the room and he told me that the house has some more vacant room available. We went to see the room. There were two vacant rooms; one was on the basement another was on the first floor. Renting A House :: essays research papers Communicating with people from other countries often makes me bother, and it happens when I am totally not expected about. This is not the first visit to the other country, but talking non-native language in non-native country is quite different from the long time study in my country. Especially, when we face some special occasion, like renting a room, it is very hard to negotiate with people. Renting a room is not a thing I am familiar with even in Japan. One day on July, one rumor among Japanese students became true, that not all of us can have a room in dormitory even if one send request in this April. My friend received a mail from UNR, which said that he could not have a room next semester. My friend and I were just shocked and on that day we started looking for a room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most important thing to do when we want to find a nice room, I thought, was that to correct as much information as I can. Therefore, what I did at first is to check every public board not to miss any information that says, ?gRoommates wanted?h,?h Room for Rent?h or ?gHouse for rent?h. I searched the board in Business Building, EJCH, JTSU, and Main library. However, I could not many of them and if luckily I found these were not so cheap or too far from UNR. Then I started to search the room list at Student Residency Service office. There I found one room five minutes from school on foot. I went back to the dorm I live now in a hurry and called, it was my first phone call to person from other country. The call rang, but no one answer. I waited for a while, then the massage started saying ?hThis number is no longer valid?cplease call XXX-XXXX?h. A short tense atmosphere ended, and I felt relieved. I called the new number, but I could not talk to anyone. After a while, I received new information of vacant room very near from a school. When I was writing e-mail, one of my roommates backed home. He was going to pay a deposit of the room and he told me that the house has some more vacant room available. We went to see the room. There were two vacant rooms; one was on the basement another was on the first floor.

Struggling Dreams Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Several poems attempt to address social and political issues. In several of Langston Hughes’s poems, he expresses sociopolitical protests. He portrayed people whose lives were impacted by racism and sexual conflicts, he wrote about southern violence, Harlem street life, poverty, prejudice, hunger, hopelessness. Hughes’s poem a â€Å"Dream Deferred† was published in 1951. The poem speculated about the consequences of white’s society’s withholding of equal opportunity. The title of Lorraine Hansberry’s play A Raison in the Sun was taken directly from Hughes’s poem. Hansberry’s parents were intellectuals and activists, and her father won an antisegregation case before the Illinois Supreme Court, upon which the events in A Raison in the Sun were loosely based. â€Å"Dream Deferred† is applied to several of the characters in Hansberry’s play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dream Deferred† was written during the Harlem Renaissance between the 1920s and 40s, after World War I. It was a time when African Americans began an intellectual movement. Harlem became the center of African American culture. Most African Americans began a movement to rethink their values and appreciation of their roots and Africa. Beneatha was a prime example of this from the play. She is very intellectually proud with everyone she comes into contact with; even her family. Her name Beneatha alone connotes the idea that everyone is â€Å"beneath† her. For instance, when she speaks to her moth...

Orwell’s “Shooting an Elephant” Essay

In the excerpt from Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†, the author uses similes, syllepsis, and connotation to appeal to the readers sense of pathos in order to convey his attitude of remorse and fluster in regards to shooting the elephant so as to comment on imperialism. Orwell uses Similes to convey his remorse and fluster towards shooting the elephant. He compares the elephant to â€Å"†¦a huge rock toppling†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and paints the scene by saying â€Å"The thick blood welled out of him like red velvet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He clearly shows his fluster when he couldn’t stand â€Å"The tortured gasps†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that â€Å"†¦continued as steadily as the ticking of a clock.† The use of these similes effectively shows how he is upset and feels guilty about shooting the elephant by using toppling rocks to suggest something monumental was ending. The tortured gasps show that he realizes the elephant is in pain and he feels remorse because he is not able to put it out of its misery. His fluster is shown when he mentions pouring shot after shot down his throat in an attempt to kill the elephant. Throughout the Excerpt Orwell uses a variety of words to appeal to the reader’s sense of pathos in order to convey his fluster and regret. When he shoots the elephant he notices a â€Å"†¦mysterious, terrible change†¦Ã¢â‚¬  come upon it and the elephant seems to him as if it became â€Å"†¦stricken, shrunken, immensely old†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His agitation is shown when he hears the â€Å"†¦long rattling gasps†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦dreadful noise.† The use of these words appeals to the sense of pathos by creating empathy in the reader. By seeing these strong, descriptive words the reader can feel his regret and dismay at shooting such a magnificent creature. In paragraph 12 Orwell uses syllepsis to show his contrition. He describes the elephant as â€Å"†¦powerless to move and yet powerless to die†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This syllepsis shows how Orwell feels regret because it is his fault the elephant is in this state but he nor, the elephant, can do anything about it and has to see the elephant suffering. The author Orwell uses a variety of stylistic and rhetoric devices such as similes, syllepsis, and connotation to appeal to a sense of pathos in his piece â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† in order to convey his feelings of remorse and fluster in a larger attempt to comment on imperialism. The elephant represents imperialism and shows how natives will put up a good fight, even when the odds are not in their favor, before backing down and giving up.

Prevention

Prevention can be taken to mean, a process of offering advice, guiding and educating a certain group of people in the name of promoting their well being in the society. It is a critical decision one makes to meet the choice aimed at meeting ones challenges of life by creating a condition favorable to promote good lifestyles and healthy behaviors. Prevention of diseases involves three levels, according to the stages of the target disease (Sieving 1997). They are primary, secondary and tertiary levels. Primary level is the process by which various methods are used in to avoid a person initiating a p disease (Piccinino   1998). They are used prior to that person getting the disease. Methods used in this level would be like, campaigns from public service, school and community programs and of course constant communication with the intended group. This helps in avoidance of the disease. According to (Sieving 1997) the second level of prevention is the secondary level that is used in the early stages of disease detection. In this case the disease has already occurred in the person but the patient is not aware the main objective of this level is to detect and treat the disease early enough. Tertiary level of prevention aims at reducing the negative consequences of the disease already in the person. It helps to slow down the rate of spreading the infections or complications in that it prevents pain from the disease. Public health programs are the set activities by the government or other organizations with intentions of meeting certain objectives in health prevention. Health programs aims at reducing incidences of diseases, improving the social conditions of a person .One of the most common activity in the health programs is vaccination. Public health programs go hand in hand with levels of prevention. One of the major problems today is how to cope with the high rate of adolescent pregnancy. This issue can be addressed by using various programs to create awareness. It can also fit in all the levels of prevention though sutes best in the primary level of prevention. Despite the fact that the teen rate of pregnancy has declined by a big margin in U.S. Since early 1990s, it is said and justified that over 1 million Americans adolescent girls get pregnant. Many of these pregnancies are usually accidental or unplanned though others are usually intended It is said that about fifty percent of teenage girls who were once pregnant become pregnant again within two years. It is also said that the second baby of the teenage girl is usually at a risk of being underweight and at the same time there is the high chance of drop out in school. (Piccinino 1998) There are a number of public health programs that are being developed at least from each level of prevention targeted to children and adolescent boys and mainly girls. According to (Aboma 1998) &( Joseph 1999) This may include abstinence programs, school-based sexuality programs, Involvement by the community, family planning clinics, school-based programs and public healthcare programs. (Aboma 1997) Many of these programs call for either abstinence or use of contraceptives. Abstain ace could be the best method however, adolescents don’t take it as a reality .Some institutions have criticized the issue of using contraceptives arguing that it promotes sexual engagement.( Piccinino 1998) observes   that,   a survey has shown that contraceptives like condoms do not motivate teens to engage in sex and thus they should be introduced in schools. The initiative by the community can help reduces the high rate of illiteracy .Parents have a greater influence on their adolescents on either becoming pregnant or impregnating. Parents communicating with their children freely about issues they come across like sex, relationships and love ( Aboma 1998). As parents one should talk to them what you feel about this issues, be honest to them have courage to tell them the truth that having an early pregnancy is risky to both the child and the teenage herself. In case she is already pregnant, let her know her responsibilities like visiting a prenatal care center, avoid drugs especially smoking and to eat nutritional food (Sonenstein 1998). Parents ought to be opening minded and begin a talk concerning these issues; if you are not capable, use other methods like letting them watch a video or a movie. There is the need to super vice your children as they grow up to adolescence and give them lots of guidance counseling (Sonenstein 1998). This should be for both the boy and the girl .The secondary and tertiary level of prevention could constitute the issues of caring for the born child and more so the teen. There is the need to have programs that will address this issue. The tertiary level of prevention can really help at this stage (Aboma 1997). There is the importance developing programs that would look at issues of child-rearing responsibilities, relationships with their friends and the rest of the community. Educational activity programs, counseling and life skills training need to be developed (Sieving 1997). These educational programs would include offering remedial classes for the teen parents, family planning, parenting skills, food and nutritional advices for both the child and the mother In conclusion, prevention is a process involved in offering guidance and educating a certain group of people with an aim of promoting their wellbeing. It has three levels consisting of the primary level-prevents occurring of diseases, secondary level-aimed at detecting early diseases and tertiary-help the patient cope with the already established problem. In the case of the teenage pregnant group, all the three levels of prevention can help them to cope with the situation, and even prevent further occurrences if proper programs are put in place. References Aboma CD (1999). State-Specific Pregnancy Rates Among Adolescents—United States, 1992-1998, Oxford University press. pp 45-67, 77 Aboma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ (1997.). Fertility, Family Planning, and Women’s Health, New York. Abma J, Driscoll A, Moore K. (1998). Young Women’s Degree of Control over First Intercourse: An Exploratory Analysis. Family Planning Perspectives 30(1):12-18. 1998. Piccinino LJ, Mosher WD (1998.). Trends in Contraceptive Use in the United States: 1982-1998. Family Planning Perspectives, Oxford University press: 4-10, 46 Sieving R, Shew M, Ireland M, Bearinger L, Udry JR (.1997.)   Protecting Adolescents from Harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. London pp57-97 Sonenstein FL, Ku L, Lindberg LD, Turner DF, Pleck JH (1998.). Changes in Sexual Behavior and Condom Use among Teenaged feMales: 1988 to 1996.   London.pp 956-959, Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Curtin SC. (1998) Teenage Births in the United States: New York pp 66-79.      

Discipline and Management: Different Yet Related Essay

In a classroom setting, discipline and management are two key components for classroom success. Teachers often use the terms classroom management and classroom discipline interchangeably. However, the two ideas are very different in their application. Management and discipline are two halves of the same coin, they are intrinsicly connected to each other, but they have their own individual properties, with their own look and feel. Classroom management deals with how things in a class are done. Classroom management is the sole responsibility of the teacher. It encompasses all of the teacher’s interactions with students, classroom environment, rules and procedures, instructional strategies and development of engaging work. In a well managed classroom, the teacher implements policies and develops routines that stabilize and direct the flow of a class. Effective teachers manage their classes so that students spend their time more productively. Elements of classroom management vary. No two classes are alike. However the foundational elements a teacher takes into account before students ever set foot in the build can lend to better classroom management. Things such as classroom layout and organization .A neat and organized classroom tells your students you mean business and you expect them to keep the classroom organized as well. Deciding how to divide up classroom time is another important aspect to classroom management.Lunch, recess, breaks, down-time between lessons and activities, moving from one classroom to another, interruptions, and other periods of non-instructional time can account for at large percent of an elementary school day. By establishing routines that eliminate wasted time and confusion, using learning centers, independent assignments, and seat work to allow time to work with small groups, and creating a classroom environment that allow students and activities to move smoothly from one activity to the next, a teacher can increase their students time on task, and raise their students engagement with the material. Classroom discipline is a companion to classroom management, part of a routine class session, and a system to maintain desired behaviors.What system is the best and how do I implement it? there are many experts telling teachers how to handle discipline problems in the classroom. Yet these experts do not always agree. Thomas Gordon, creator of Teacher Effectiveness Training staunchly opposes Lee Canter’s Assertive Discipline concept. Yet, both have enjoyed a great deal of success with books and conferences and classes taught all over the USA. Trying to decide who is right and who is wrong seems quite difficult. Instead, let us assume that both of them are right, that they just are not talking about the same students. There is no cure-all for classroom discipline. There are no magic words that will solve classroom discipline. No other teacher has the answers for your classroom discipline either. Every elementary, middle and high school educator has to deal with the unenviable task of enforcing classroom discipline. there is no one-size-fits-all for classroom discipline. However the goal is still the same for every classroom, which is for students to be engaged in the classroom at all times.

Analyze of “Crimson Tide” Essay

ANALYZE OF CRIMSON TIDE In this assignment I will analyze the â€Å"Crimson Tide† based on OB topics which are organization, skills, personality, perception, values, and attitudes. First of all I would like to say something briefly about the movie. On a US nuclear missile sub, a young first officer stages a mutiny to prevent his trigger happy captain from launching his missiles before confirming his orders to do so. An organization is basically consciously coordinated social unit. There are three essentials to be an organization, -group of people -continuous or else project -common goal When we look at the Crimson Tide we can see the all three features in that submarine. First of all they are group of soldier in a nuclear submarine. Secondly, this group of people are not together but they came together to a project that U.S. Navy nuclear submarine, USS Alabama, to be available to launch its missiles in a preemptive strike if Radchenko attempts to fuel his missiles. It is enough to be an organization for a group. Thirdly, even though they use different ways, they have a common goal which is protecting their country. Most distinct skill of Captain Ramsey his experience and loyalty to the Navy. He never questions to orders. He thinks he is there to apply to the orders, sometimes impatiently, and make sure his crew’s loyalty to apply order. He does not believe to democracy in the submarine. For example he says â€Å"we are here to preserve democracy, not to practice it. Ron Hunter is a young, inexperience, and good educated man. He finished Harvard University. He is highly educated in military history and technical tactics. Hunter is more analytic and conservative towards his mission. Hunter is against the missile launch and tries to win over support from Ramsey to confirm the second message before proceeding with the launch, because he has hope that it was possibly an abjuration of the previous command. This behavior shows his humanist and rational side. Hunter plays a number of roles. He makes sure that Captain Ramsey makes the correct choices. For example, he is waiting the rest of the message to launch of the  nuclear missiles. Also he motivates his crew. Ramsey is a strict and arrogant leader who never motivates his crew, but with the influence from Hunter, Ramsey gives a motivational speech after the crew to restore all operations after the Russian attack. I will focus on Ramsey’s and Hunter’s personality, perception, values and attitudes in this part of my assignment; The Big Five Personality Model: high extraversion: overconfident, pushy low agreeableness: cold, dissident high conscientiousness: organized, stubborn high emotional stability: self-confident, calm high openness to experience: curious Attributes: Machiavellianism: practical, manipulate Self-esteem: likes himself Risk-taking: risk-taking by shooting the missiles More Type A: multitasks Less Type B: can relax without guilty (after downgrading sitting in his cabin and being calm) External locus of control: controlled by outside forces (government) Perception: Perceiver: Captain Frank Ramsey Target: Russians, Hunter Situation: Submarine†¦wants to attack Russia Errors: Halo effect: general impression by a single characteristic. Stereotyping: Harvard students are nerds and hunter is one of them without experience Values: He belongs elders generation. This generation’s characteristics are discipline, authority, traditional Hofstede’s Framework: High power distance: Captain as a authority High Individualism : Focus on his opinion High Masculinity: Doesn’t care so much about people (e.g. fire-alarm) High Uncertainty avoidance: He doesn’t like uncertainty. Wants to act quickly. For example he wants to shoot missiles Low long-term orientation: Doesn’t care about nuclear war†¦.he wants to act now High Indulgence: Submarine/Job is his second home comfortable cabin and his dog Attitudes: Job satisfaction: work place is like his home†¦.(e.g. dog) Neglect: when hunter took his authority he went to his cabin and was listening to the music like nothing happened before Affective: emotional relationship to the navy. Traditional beliefs Engagement: His speech to the soldiers at the beginning of the film. Hunter’s; Personality: The Big Five Personality Model: high extraversion: assertive, gregarious, sociable high agreeableness: cooperative, trusting, empathetic high conscientiousness: organized, persistent high emotional stability: self-confident, calm high openness to experience: flexible, curious Attributes: Machiavellianism: practical, manipulate Self-esteem: ambitious goals related to his career Self-monitoring: attention to external environment by building a relationship to the marines Risk-taking: risk-taking by downgrading Ramsey Proactive: identifies opportunities and tries to prevent nuclear war More internal locus of control: controls his destiny, independent, makes his own decisions Perception: Perceiver: Lieutenant Commander Ron Hunter Target : Ramsey Situation: Submarine†¦.wants to stop Ramsey and also nuclear war Values: He belongs Baby Boomers Generation and Its features are social recognition, responsibility Hofstede’s Framework: Middle power distance: He sees captain as an authority but he is not afraid of sending Ramsey in to jail. He also makes jokes with crew members Middle Individualism : Focus on his opinion but also take care about others opinion Low Masculinity: Takes care of people and feeling (e.g. over weight of a crew member ) Low Uncertainty avoidance: Takes the risk of not knowing what happens next. Doesn’t want to shoot missiles High long-term orientation: Afraid of nuclear war, stops Ramsey Middle Indulgence: Separates work and family. Has his family who is waiting for him but also he left the birthday of his daughter because of his job Attitudes: Job satisfaction : He is proud of to be a lieutenant Continuance: Wants to make career upgrade to a captain Engagement: Build a good relationship with the crews

Theories of Parenting ( Baumrind, Maslow, Adler and Erikson) Assignment

Theories of Parenting ( Baumrind, Maslow, Adler and Erikson) - Assignment Example This kind of parents demands little attention from their children and make consultations, on principal family matters. This is a wrong step in trying to raise children as the parents normally consult even on insightful matters meant for adults. Permissive parent families give forth to children who are mutinous, impetuous and aggressive with other children. In as much as such children fell part of the family, they have self-esteem, which might drive them to poor performance in schools. Consequently, Baumrind portrays other parent families as authoritative. The family has characteristics of using stringent and positive means of correcting children. Discipline is the key education of children in this family as it uses little punishment methods while considering their feelings and emotional states (King, 2009). Authoritative parents require mature children of independent behavior and limited curiosity. The main principle behind authoritative parents is the fact that the parents value ins trumental and expressive qualities to raise their children. The family gives forth to proficient children at school mainly due to external pressure but not self-esteem. The king of behavior results into low self-esteem and emotional instability often characterize by depression. Closely associated with authoritative parents are the authoritarian parents whose main expectation from their children is obedience. These parents have rules governing their subjected to their children whereby minute misbehavior, are not negotiable. They follow a given social structure with the parent say becoming a law to the children. Such children become obedient in life although characterized by low self-esteem, as they cannot conduct what they desire. Subsequently, uninvolved parents also exist as proposed by Baumrind. These parents get portrayed as rejecting, careless and nonintermittent parents who do not mind what and where their children are at given time. This is due to emotional settings about the children or lack of time. Uninvolved parents give forth to mislead children as they often turn to other people for advice. Consequently, the children are a subject of abuse from outsiders due to the carelessness of the parents (King, 2009). Apart from Baumrind, Maslow is another psychologist who conducted intensive research in parenting. He highlighted various conditions, which if met by parents, they are likely to raise moral children. According to him, there are principal considerations parents need to take into consideration. To start include basic psychological needs like sleep water, food, water, clothing as well as shelter. When the psychological needs are not met, children often, rear away from their normal behavior into other means of realizing such basic needs. Apart from psychological basic needs, esteem needs also raise attention. These include respect from ether sides. Consequently, self-actualization through various standards also becomes a key consideration towards rai sing a strong family. The children should have recognition for reality, autonomist as well as self-evaluation of various phenomena. This is also applicable to parents who must express love, security, belongingness, safety and concern for others. Adler institute is another body, which has conducted diverse research on child parenting to come up with development maturities suitable for competent and efficient parents. Some of the qualities Adler

Accomplished Practices Brochure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accomplished Practices Brochure - Research Paper Example The most common forms of technology that is used heavily in education are computers and information technology. With these, teachers have been able to perform their tasks more effectively. On the other hand, the students too have come to appreciate the lessons provided to them as they enjoy the entire learning process due to teaching methods that employ computers and other forms of technology. The Educator Accomplished Practices are basically guidelines by which the teacher is supposed to refer to while performing his tasks. Technology can also be used in ensuring that these are implemented according to professional standards and to the best interests of the students. In fact, it should be employed in these concerns if the teacher is genuinely interested in making his or her methods effective. The computer and software are the forms of technology that could be greatly used towards this end. One of the accomplished practices, for example is assessment. An accurate assessment of the students’ behavioral and intellectual response towards the lessons provided to them could only be achieved through a database. This database, which provides quantitative and qualitative information regarding the students’ condition, is best stored in a computer for easy access and formatting for charts and visual presentation. Other examples of how technology could be applied in ac complished practices are the use of the internet in the aspects of communication and continuous improvement. Audio-visual presentations may also be employed in sessions where the ability to think critically are honed. The teacher’s main concern why he or she should employ technology in performing his or her tasks is the students’ educational well-being. It is a fact that the individualization of education guarantees enhanced absorption of what is taught to the students. This is not easily realized in classroom setting. With the use of

Applying Diversity Challenges to Your Chosen Field Research Paper

Applying Diversity Challenges to Your Chosen Field - Research Paper Example This affects the process of learning and even noted to be creating a blockage in easy development of approaches that I enjoyed during my secondary course (Grace & Wells, 2007). Specially mentioning, the different experiences of life either block or support the development of cognitive ability to meet the elated requirements of the society and likewise enhance learning ability. However, the accumulation of diverse group of people belonging to different sections and cultural backgrounds certainly enhanced my ability to maintain greater sustainable development within my field of learning i.e. ESL (Drago-Severson, 2004). Additionally, the racial as well as diversified ethnic identities even acted as majorly influencing the mode of learning. In my learning filed i.e. ESL, I came across huge level of gender biasness, representing the fact that ethnic communities are affecting the universal development of people. Sexual orientation of different societies is also noted to be affecting the needs of the people, resulting in affecting the learning processes. Based on my understanding, the only mode of learning for a group of people belonging to diverse culture could be developed by proper use of integrated learning approaches and development of teacher-student relationship (Caffarella & Daffron, 2013). Grace, A. P., & Wells, K. (2007). Using Freirean pedagogy of just IRE to inform critical social learning in arts-informed community education for sexual minorities. Adult Education Quarterly, 57(2),

Woody Allen as a film Autuer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Woody Allen as a film Autuer - Essay Example The term â€Å"auteur† has French origins, and it refers to the theoretical approach to filmmaking, where the director is the central creative force in motion pictures (Menne 36); this concept has persisted over the years, and the term film auteur describing film directors that write and direct films through which they express their personal artistic vision. In as much as there is no clear evidence between â€Å"regular directors† and â€Å"film auteurs†, the distinction between the two does become codified, elucidated, and isolated with time with regards to the art, artist, and the particular categories to which they belong. The film auteur does not only express a cinematic vision, they are prolific in what they do by taking direct roles in relation to the medium and craft of filmmaking; the creative influence of a director on a film must be so profound for them to be considered the film auteur. According to the auteur theory in film criticism, a film reflects i ts director’s personal, creative vision, and the directors stand out as the original auteur; the list of strong distinctive film directors who qualify the title â€Å"film auteur† is very short. This paper will explore the world of Woody Allen, as a distinguished and highly talented film auteur, as seen in the movies Midnight in Paris 1978, Annie Hall 2005, and Manhattan 1979, in which he creates a unique world that no one else could bring to life except himself. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1935, and raised in a Jewish family that had a strong comedy culture, Woody Allen found his niche in comedy, and later in filmmaking when he first directed What’s Up, Tiger Lily in 1996. Since then, Woody Allen has a library of films to his name including his most acclaimed Annie Hall 1977, Manhattan 1978, and Midnight in Paris, where his one of a kind neurotic, unconfident, and flamboyant cinematic vision emerges. An auteur approach to filmmaking is evident in all his film s particularly because Allen uses themes and styles that make him distinguishable and unique from the pack as a film maverick (Quicke 95); for instance, a dominant theme in most of his films is the struggling artist as in the films Manhattan 1978 and Annie Hall 1977. In all these films, the backgrounds to the protagonists, the cinematography, and lighting elucidates auteur style in filmmaking, distinct and unique, unlike other regular directors. In Manhattan 1978, Allen explores the woes of a struggling television writer who is dating a high school girl but still develops feelings for his best friend’s mistress; Isaac, the main protagonist, is uncomfortable in his job and on top of it all, he cannot establish a solid intimate relationship with a woman his age. Isaac is a very frustrated artist, who feels confined in his current position yet his possibility for success seems obscured by his present situations, thereby further heightening his anxiety and unhappiness; his intern al and external struggles are captured vividly to present a picture of the struggling artist, as is often the case in Allen’s masterpieces. In the film Annie Hall 1977, Allen still explores the theme of the struggling artist through the protagonist Alvy Singer, a Neurotic comedian from New York, who falls in love with a woman named Annie Hall and becomes embattled with relationship issues in Manhattan (Knight 214). Allen brings a part of his own persona into the film by reveling a suffering in Alvy and himself by connection, in finding someone who truly understands him and appreciates his presence. This masterpiece reveals many struggles in Alvy, the whining comic persona; through Alvy’s decision to do an unconventional film that entails him talking straight to the camera concerning his problems, Alvy reenacts his life as a

Ethical reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical reflection - Essay Example Although it is unclear with respect to whether or not one or both of the twins could have survived if more timely action had taken place, it is affirmatively clear that the likelihood of one of the twins surviving could have been maximized if the hospital had the potential to perform the abortion when it was immediately required. Sadly, because of the ethical interpretation that such institutions hold onto, a baseline of help that would have been available to the patient was non-existent; further restricting the potential resources and means of address that this particular situation required. A further ethical reflection reveals the fact that even though an element of the Hippocratic Oath requires the medical professional to do no harm, they are also required to address the healthcare needs and promote life whenever possible. As can be seen, these two requirements of the Hippocratic oath, into conflict with one another with regards to the case in question. Rather than abandoning the Hippocratic Oath and attempting to forge and new ethical consideration that could address the situation at hand, it must be understood that the unique case represents a situation in which definitive action must be taken as a means of preserving the potential life that existed within the womb (Raghavan 1). By refusing the act in a time of need, the ethical burden is not only on the hospital and its staff with respect to not performing the abortion in conjunction with the parent’s wishes, it is also at fault for seeing the situation, prescribing a solution scenario, and then not addressi ng this scenario in the correct way. A further level of understanding and ethical analysis can be had with respect to the fact that the medical professionals intimately knew what was required in order for one of the fetuses to have a chance at viability; however, due to

ABC Application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

ABC Application - Essay Example The inspiration of this idea was developed when I came across Speak and Translate software of Apple. With the passage of time, as I grew up the issues prevailing in different genders was one of the most controversial things. In my past relationship, understanding a woman remained was the most crucial aspect. I always desired to encode focusing on the tone and way they speak to understand what they actually mean. The idea of ABC Software developed when I was able to see several fun applications for assistance in different things. The use of the sensor to dedicate heartbeat, eye movement, hand movement, etc is possible with a Smartphone. The inducement of the science and technology has always been possible with Smartphone. The conflict between the psychology between the two genders (Male and Female) has remained to be one of the major issues in relationships. Personal inspiration to put science and technology together to create innovate way to overcome psychological gaps between male a nd female is possible through this application. The idea is inspired by several personal life events and observations have provided me a vision to develop this application. The tone detection to translate and decode the meaning is one of the major strength of the application. The unique feature of this application makes this application unique and desirable for individuals. The application can effective way to decode the actual meaning of a girlfriend and can significantly contribute to resolving the conflicts.

Substance Abuse Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Substance Abuse - Coursework Example In relation to Miller family document, Sam Miller, who is 50 years old, is experiencing alcoholic characteristic signs and symptoms that have both biological and psychological significance. Sam is divorced and is estranged from both the son and the ex-wife. He equally has a long history of work and legal problems that are instigated by his drinking habit. According to the family history of Sam Miller, neither the father nor the mother is alcoholics and the same can be said to the grandparents. It is thus evident that the alcoholism as portrayed by Sam is not genetically acquired. Nevertheless, environmental factors can work in synergy to influence alcoholism in an individual, like peers one associate with and the nature of one’s work (Krohn, 2013). Having begun abusing alcohol at an early age, Sam has become dependent on the substance, thus has had profound implication to his life making him be termed as a social failure. Beginning consumption of alcohol at an early stage of life leads to addiction to the drug followed by dependence. When one depends on drug, he/she becomes inefficiently functional in the absence of the drug, thus the fact that Sam Miller began consuming alcohol at an earlier stage in life has increased the dependency on alcohol. Brunetti, M., Di Tizio, L., Dezi, S., Pozzi, G., Grandinetti, P., & Martinotti, G. (2012). Aripiprazole, alcohol and substance abuse: A review. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological

McDonald Case study Essay Example for Free

McDonald Case study Essay Comparing with other competitors in the catering industry, McDonald’s has developed into one the giant and most famous fast food restaurants in the world. At present time, McDonald’s is the world’s largest food service retailers offering services to customers, in the same time they are keeping opening new shops all over the world every day. However, even though their business is keeping increasing, but they also met some negative messages from consumers or other parties, such as their products is not unhealthy, food they provided will cause obesity to the childhood. From relative estimation, it shows that obesity condition and the qty of those overweight children have been increasing rapidly throughout the world. More seriously, childhood obesity rate in the country of Australia is the highest in the world. From this consideration, it is much necessary to analysis relationship between the fast food and the obesity. Here, I will take the example of McDonald’s to research in detail 2.0 Analysis of case (McDonald fast food) There are lots of people will be consumed in McDonald’s., roughly, there are more than 30 million customers will be served in McDonald’s restaurants around the world. Accordingly, McDonald also achieved great success, especially comparing with other not so famous similar competitors. But due to fast food’s unique style of business, such as: their unique food ingredients, material used and cooking method, people think fast food will be the main cause for the obesity, typically for children, because they like the taste of such fast food a lot and consumed a lot too. In Australia, according to the study, there are about 25% of children in Australia are obese or overweight nowadays, while that was just 5% in the 1960s. The study from Australia’s Child Youth Help shows that the overweight preschoolers aged four years rose from 3.2% for boys and 3.5% for girls, to 4.1% for boys and 5.8% for girls in 2002. Also according to many scholars and nutritionist’s reflection, it is not hard to know that the fast food provided will be the main reason for causing childhood obesity. Since obesity has lots of negative effect to the health of the people, and especially for childhood, comparing with normal adults, childhood will be the focus for parents or relative health institute to pay attention on. As relative research shows that fast food will generate relative higher fats etc, so becomes one of the main causes of getting child fat. For McDonald, due to their significant achievement, together with their multi-advertisement, makes people, child is more familiar with them, on the contrary, this type of condition also makes McDonald become the target of complaints of childhood obesity. 2.1 Questions 1: McDonald relationship with childhood obesity Due to the cause of the obesity, McDonald’s relationship with child and parents becomes much tight. There are lots of people complain this giant food seller, because they have provided to many fast food to children, which cause them failed to be healthfully growing. In which, their variety type advertisement also become the target for people to blame. Because advertisement will bring good feeling and positive to the consumer, especially when child get to know the advertisement, they will be much easily to be attracted by the contents, therefore, they will be much easily tend to take such advertising food. In the meantime, since they are short of the knowledge to judge and get to know more detail of the products, is it  good, or will it bring bad effect to health once eats. So in the way, McDonald’s advertisement becomes the target of people’s blaming. As far as I am concerned, it is not doubt that McDonald will hold the direct responsibility, because they are the food providers, and they are the persuader to make children like their food by advertisement. But in the meantime, children’s parents shall also have the responsibility. Normally when the child go in to the McDonald’s shop, they will accompanied by their parents or elder person, at this point, when the children do not have the knowledge and the ability to tell the negative of the fast food, their older accompanier shall point out in time, also shall provide necessary guide in selecting the food. 2.2 Questions 2. The impact of McDonald’s marketing Advertisement will bring lots of effect to consumers, and for McDonald’s marketing because most of their advertisement contents will be designed by professional, who will be able to make the contents of the advertisement will be much attracting to their consumer, and when they target children, normally, the effect of the advertisement will work. Also they will design relative program to present their products to consumers. 2.2.1 Impact of McDonald’s marketing on individual consumers It is well-known the principle of the treatment to the people in McDonald’s that people are the key to the success of McDonald’s. To individual consumers, McDonald’s celebrate the children’s birthday with them. The parties are fun, Hassie-free and make for great memories to give an impressive and unforgettable experience for each of the individual customers in it. Customers can choose from two great-value packages, each offering games, entertainment and meals, and with more than 200 committed birthday party restaurants Australia-wide, there are plenty of nearby locations to choose from. Additionally, there is online booking for the convenience of the customers, which is even easier to give the little customers a party they’ll love. 2.2.2 Impact of McDonald’s marketing on other business and society Apart from the great favorable impact of McDonald’s to the individual consumers, McDonald’s itself also shed indispensable impact on other business and society as a whole. There are 267 franchisees and 9,000 suppliers serving as business partners in McDonald’s Australia alone (McDonald’s Australia Corporate Responsibility Sustainability Report 2010). Therefore, the great sales in McDonald’s will no doubt generate vast increase to the sales of those business partners to a large extent. 2.3 Question 3: Social marketing’s influence to children Social marketing will contribute and affect a lot to the consumer through variety type of approaches, and it can be clearly known from the example of McDonald. The great success of McDonald’s is basically because of its establishment and implication of its responsibility to do what’s right. To better carry out this responsibility, McDonald’s takes several measures as the societal marketing listing below: (1) Productive strategy of high quality products. The quality of the products is the life thread of an enterprise. From this consideration, McDonald’s places this to the first of the other four criteria. (2) Price strategy of reasonable price. To be successful in the furious competition of fast food industry, McDonald’s implicates the marketing strategy of low price and national uniform price. (3) Service strategy of clean and speedy service. The cleaning of the food in McDonald’s has closed connection with the health of the customers, especially that of the children’s. While clean and speedy service provides convenience for the necessity of busy customers. Promotional strategy oriented with ads. The promotional strategy in McDonald’s is rather simple but quite effective, mainly with the strategy of ads publicity to create sensational effects. (5) Cultural strategy of accustoming to the local culture. McDonald’s maintains its own style of diet and also adapts to the local culture to invent food of the traditional distinguishing features (Nestle Jacobson, 2000). Through the measures above, McDonald try to widely present their products as top as possible to the consumers, also their products will be accompanied with good service which will greatly influence the consumption intendance and habit of their customer, in which children are also the most part, therefore children will naturally like to eating in McDonald. 2.4 Question 4. Opinion of advertising for kids and other solutions for childhood obesity in Australia 2.4.1 Problems of advertising for kids The advertisements of McDonald’s are always aimed at interesting more customers, especially to the little children. McDonald’s enticing their children customers to want its food by applying free toy giveaways. The ads of McDonald’s are both in TV or other publications produce various attractive pictures and images to entice the children to it from their visual to their gustatory sense. 2.4.2 Other solutions to solve childhood obesity To solve childhood obesity, several strategies are decided as followed: More focus must be placed on the group prevention rather than the individual treatment and instruction. In order to change the diet and behavior in the family, it is critical whether to depend on the family and the society. The effect of the individual instruction such as the fat farm and summer camps will be very limit without the long term support from the society and school (Allison Webe, 2003). School must be the major part of the prevention of childhood obesity. The government must make no efforts to control childhood obesity. How to cooperate with the food industry is one of the parts of the strategies (Berg,Buechner Parham,2003). 2.5 Trend of the fast food industry in Australia The fast food industry in Australia has achieved its great success in recent years. The social and industrial status of fast food industry has been gradually established and become more important. The scales of both the industry and the enterprises are increasingly broadening, and the quality and standard are improving evidently. In a word, the development of fast food industry is limitless in the long run. All around Australia, fast food is not simply a commodity; it is also a representation of â€Å"the West† or â€Å"American†. If it wants to help explain its attraction, McDonald’s should innovate its quality as well as the foods themselves to match the advance  demand of the society. Australian business environment was so complicated that foreigners could not hope to survive on their own, in such circumstance, only those enterprise matching with the consumer requirement will be survive. On the whole, Australian consumers treat â€Å"fast food† restaurants as leisure centers and tend to stay longer than do most Americans. In the meantime, other type food, like rice is more than a simple grain; it is imbued with symbolic meanings and is perceived as sacred by many Australians. The style of food does not fit easily into the existing Australian food system, so McDonald’s, if can operated in a more healthy way for their food by improving step by step in innovation, it can be easier to be accepted. 3.0 Conclusion In conclusion, McDonald’s is believed the giant of the fast food industry. It has achieved great success in its sales and the fame all over the world. However, together with its great success, McDonald’s also creates serious problems to the society, in specific the childhood obesity. It is estimated that the prevalence of obesity and overweight children has been increasing rapidly throughout the world. And the rates of the childhood obesity in the country of Australia are the highest in the world. Its beginning relates to the starts of a new political era, on in which local interests challenge the authoritarian rule of the Nationalist Parethy, in this way, the Golden Arches arrive just as Australia reaches takeoff as a major player in the global electronics and computer markets. To many consumers in Australia, McDonald’s meant something the leisure and easy, and people prefer it. So in order to advance their business, but in the same time, not to bring the negative side to the consumer, especially children, it is part of McDonald’s responsibility to take care of their products, trying best to find good method or innovation to catch the problem of causing serious state of childhood obesity, that is certain measures are in great need to be taken to solve or affiliate the situation. It is also believed that with better responsibility taken, and with correct marketing, trying to stick the principle of â€Å"right goods is the base of good marketing†, then the fast food industry will be successful forever. References: Allison,D.B. Weber,M.T(2003). Treatment and prevention of obesity: what works, what doesn’t work, and what might work. Lipids Berg,F., Buechner J. Parham E. (2003). Guidelines for childhood obesity prevention programs: promoting healthy weight in children. Nutr Educ Ebhav McDonald’s Australia Corporate Responsibility Sustainability Report 2010 Nestle,M. Jacobson,M.F(2000). Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach. Public Health Rep